Interventions in order to increase the National Achievement Test of 4th Year Students of Malabon National High School Essay

The primordial purpose of this study is to provide the students with a complete and balanced education and to develop their performance in National Achievement Test (Nat) . Thus, the results of this study will benefit the students, the teachers and the school administrators. This study is significant because it will provide the indispensable facts for the students of Malabon National High School who were taking the National Achievment Test (NAT). including the faculty and school administrators as a result in a pervasive exposure of the aforementioned subjects. This study will serve as the basis for future plans of action by the school administrators with regard to the necessary actions for the school and for the students who were taking or will take the National Achievement Test (Nat). Among the persons who will be directly or indirectly involved are the following: This study will not only benefit the school administrators but also the entire student body as it will create a milieu of awareness about the Interventions in order to increase the National Achievement Test (NAT). The teacher and students of the Malabon National High School including the out-of-school youth will have a better understanding of the limitation; Importance of the National Achievement Test will enable them to know the area of difficulty and strength thereby guiding them in reconstructing their programs to suit their needs. Furthermore, this study will serve as a theoretical model for future studies of the same nature if ever the existing problem has penetrated in this case will exist in the future. Future researchers will benefit from this study, and it will provide them the facts needed to compare their study during their respective time and usability.

Strengths And Weaknesses Of Studies On Job Satisfaction Education Essay

Job satisfaction is a province whereby an employee is content with the state of affairs around him/her. Satisfaction occurred when you get everything you desire from your work. The accomplishment of one desire to work leads to occupation satisfaction. The desire may be fiscal, prestigiousness, societal acknowledgment or merely to happen something to make or somewhere to travel, etc. Locke ( 1976 ) defined occupation satisfaction as a enjoyable emotional province ensuing from the perceptual experience of one ‘s occupation as carry throughing one ‘s of import occupation values, provided these values are compatible with one ‘s demands. www.4u-2.com/ †¦ /HYPERLINK â€Å" http: //www.4u-2.com/ †¦ /job-satisfaction-of-call-center-employees † jobHYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.4u-2.com/ †¦ /job-satisfaction-of-call-center-employees † -HYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.4u-2.com/ †¦ /job-satisfaction-of-call-center-employees † satisfactionHYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.4u-2.com/ †¦ /job-satisfaction-of-call-center-employees † -of-call-center-employees Bram Steijn ( 2000 ) cited ( Hackman & A ; Oldman 1980 ) that believed a higher occupation satisfaction is associated with increased productiveness, lower absenteeism and lower employee turnover. A batch of research or surveies had been carried out on occupation satisfaction. Many of them are carried out to set up the degree of occupation satisfaction among a group of employees or a profession, many establishes the relationship between occupation satisfaction and concepts like committedness to work, motive at work, managerial attacks, productiveness etc. This chapter will discourse the strengths and failings of many of these surveies and besides highlight how this present research will lend to them.2:1Job satisfaction among the professionalsRoberto & A ; Jon, ( 2003 ) analysed the degree of occupation satisfaction by certified athletic trainers in selected National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I-AA establishment holding football programmes. They made usage of an first-class occupation satisfaction graduated table called the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaires to roll up the information from the 240 samples around the state, 138 questionnaires were returned among which merely 31 % were immature employees. The one – manner analysis plus station hoc which were perfect were used to analyse the information. The per centum of the immature employees used for the analysis was low. In these present surveies 100 % of the samples will be immature employees in order to set up the factors impacting occupation satisfa ction among them. www.thesportjournal.org/ †¦ /HYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thesportjournal.org/ †¦ /job-satisfaction-among-athletic-trainers-ncaa-division-iaa-institutions † jobHYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thesportjournal.org/ †¦ /job-satisfaction-among-athletic-trainers-ncaa-division-iaa-institutions † -HYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thesportjournal.org/ †¦ /job-satisfaction-among-athletic-trainers-ncaa-division-iaa-institutions † satisfactionHYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thesportjournal.org/ †¦ /job-satisfaction-among-athletic-trainers-ncaa-division-iaa-institutions † -HYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thesportjournal.org/ †¦ /job-satisfaction-among-athletic-trainers-ncaa-division-iaa-institutions † amongHYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thesportjournal.org/ †¦ /job-satisfaction-among-at hletic-trainers-ncaa-division-iaa-institutions † -HYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thesportjournal.org/ †¦ /job-satisfaction-among-athletic-trainers-ncaa-division-iaa-institutions † athleticHYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thesportjournal.org/ †¦ /job-satisfaction-among-athletic-trainers-ncaa-division-iaa-institutions † -HYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thesportjournal.org/ †¦ /job-satisfaction-among-athletic-trainers-ncaa-division-iaa-institutions † trainersHYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thesportjournal.org/ †¦ /job-satisfaction-among-athletic-trainers-ncaa-division-iaa-institutions † -HYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thesportjournal.org/ †¦ /job-satisfaction-among-athletic-trainers-ncaa-division-iaa-institutions † ncaaHYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thesportjournal.org/ †¦ /job-satisfaction-amon g-athletic-trainers-ncaa-division-iaa-institutions † -HYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thesportjournal.org/ †¦ /job-satisfaction-among-athletic-trainers-ncaa-division-iaa-institutions † divisionHYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thesportjournal.org/ †¦ /job-satisfaction-among-athletic-trainers-ncaa-division-iaa-institutions † -HYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thesportjournal.org/ †¦ /job-satisfaction-among-athletic-trainers-ncaa-division-iaa-institutions † iaaHYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thesportjournal.org/ †¦ /job-satisfaction-among-athletic-trainers-ncaa-division-iaa-institutions † -HYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thesportjournal.org/ †¦ /job-satisfaction-among-athletic-trainers-ncaa-division-iaa-institutions † establishments The findings or the consequences of analysis found that there is important difference ( P less than 0.05 ) in trainers ‘ occupation satisfaction and their assorted employment places. While those in high/upper place ( which assume to be among the old employees ) were most satisfied with their occupations, those in low station were non and these are chiefly the helper trainers and alumnus helper ( chiefly immature employees ) . Even though the survey did non advert the theory used, it was established that the older trainers experience greater occupation satisfaction than immature trainers. This present survey will see utilizing some established theories to buttress its findings. The above survey was supported by K. Chandraiah et Al ( 2003 ) ‘s survey that investigated the consequence of Age on Occupational emphasis and occupation satisfaction among directors of different age groups. They made usage of the Occupational Stress Index and Job Descriptive Index to garner informations from the 105 samples out of which 35 were immature employees. One of the consequences of the findings found that the immature employees/managers are more nerve-racking due to the burden of work and thereby occupation unsated. hypertext transfer protocol: //medind.nic.in/iay/t03/i2/iayt03i2p6.pdf. The graduated tables used were good, the samples were good selected in and around Calcutta metropolis but the figure of the immature employees involved were few. This research aims to concentrate on the immature employees who happen to be the future strength of any administration. Patrick & A ; Manuel, ( 2007 ) besides supported the above in their survey that investigated occupation satisfaction among rehearsing pharmaceutics. They made usage of Rasch Rating Scale Model, gathered informations from 5000 samples throughout the United States but eventually made usage of 840 for the intent of informations analysis. One of their findings which I am really much interested in found that the older, higher-wage earning druggists working at independency pattern sites experience greater sum of occupation satisfaction. hypertext transfer protocol: //ijahsp.nova.edu/articles/vol5num4/pdf/hardigan.pdf.This meant that the immature pharmacists/employees in this survey were less occupation satisfied. Ibrahim et Al, ( 2005 ) investigated occupation satisfaction of primary wellness attention doctor at capital wellness part discovered that age affect occupation satisfaction and that the higher the age the higher the occupation satisfaction. This consequence indicated that the immature employees are non occupation satisfied. Ibrahim et Al ( 2005 ) did a really good occupation but the Numberss of immature employees used were few. This survey will utilize 100 % of immature employees as its samples. www.HYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mejfm.com/journal/July05/PDFs/JobSatisfaction.pdf † mejfm.comHYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mejfm.com/journal/July05/PDFs/JobSatisfaction.pdf † /HYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mejfm.com/journal/July05/PDFs/JobSatisfaction.pdf † journalHYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mejfm.com/journal/July05/PDFs/JobSatisfaction.pdf † /July05/PDFs/JobSatisfaction.pd f Sharon and Zhan, ( 2003 ) made usage of bottom-up theory as on one of the theories and questionnaires with high dependability and cogency values in their study of occupation satisfaction of recent alumnuss in fiscal service. One of the consequences of the findings indicated that alumnuss were reasonably satisfied with their occupations and non highly satisfied. www.bls.gov/opub/cwc/cm20030522ar01p1.htm. The usage of immature alumnuss which I can sort as immature employees was first-class but the survey focused on a peculiar professional. This survey will do usage of the bottom-up theory as they did but will include immature employees from other professional Fieldss such as instruction, nursing, call centre, attention workers, conveyance etc. A.O. Okaro et Al ( 2010 ) evaluated the occupation satisfaction degree of Nigeria radiographers working in the South-Eastern, Nigeria. Using 28 item self-completion questionnaires and subsequently analysed the informations with Statistical Package for Social Sciences ( SPSS ) , concluded that Nigeria radiographer working in the South – Eastern are non occupation satisfied with their occupation and would prefer another occupation if given a pick. www.euroHYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.eurojournals.com/ejsr_39_3_13.pdf † journalsHYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.eurojournals.com/ejsr_39_3_13.pdf † .com/ejsr_39_3_13.pdf Susan J Linz ( 2002 ) analyzed the nature and range of occupation satisfaction among the Russian workers. The survey was in four different creases, among them was the usage of study informations to place degree of occupation satisfaction by 1200 study participant ; look into the fluctuation in occupation satisfaction explained by differences in worker features e.g. age. Sexual activity. Her findings found that respondents were by and large satisfied with their ain occupation and the sort of work they do in their occupation. It was besides revealed that the older workers ( born before 1965 ) were significantly more satisfied with their occupation and work more than immature workers and older workers besides thought less often about discontinuing. The concentration will be on the immature employees in this survey and will affect merely those in the metropolis. hypertext transfer protocol: //HYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/39852/3/wp468.pdf † deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/39852/3/wp468.pdf. Muhammad Masroor Alam and Jmilha Fakir Mohammmad ( 2009 ) investigate the degree of occupation satisfaction and purpose to go forth among Malayan nurses. The consequences of the survey found that the nurses were reasonably satisfied with their occupation in all six aspects of occupation satisfaction i.e. satisfaction with supervisors, occupation assortment, closing, compensation, co- workers and HRM/ direction policies. They besides found that the nurses perceived a lower degree of purpose to go forth. www.saycocorporativo.com/saycoUK/BIJ/journal/ †¦ /Article_10.pdf In support of the above research and some others, Bram Steijn ( 2002 ) cited Reiner and Zhao ( 1999 ) who reported merely a important consequence of age and Ting ( 1997 ) who reported assorted consequences with important effects for age and race but non for instruction and gender. hypertext transfer protocol: //soc.kuleuven.be/io/egpa/HYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //soc.kuleuven.be/io/egpa/HRM/potsdam/steijn.pdf † HRMHYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //soc.kuleuven.be/io/egpa/HRM/potsdam/steijn.pdf † /potsdam/steijn.pdf Contrary to the above findings and some others Sariye Gaziolu and Aysit Tansel ( 2002 ) observed a non-linear relationship between age and the four steps of occupation satisfaction. This non-linearity showed a U- shaped relationship. Sariye Gaziolu and Aysit Tansel ( 2002 ) cited the survey of Clarks ( 1996 ) and Clarks et Al ( 1996 ) that besides reported significantly U shaped form in age for several occupation satisfaction steps. www.erc.metu.edu.tr/menu/series03/0303.pdf Safdar Rehman Gehazi and Umar Ali Khan ( 2007 ) conducted a survey to mensurate the general and facet specific occupation satisfaction of the caput instructors and the influence of gender and school location on their occupation satisfaction. They made usage of Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaires ( MSQ ) and self developed Individual Data Sheet ( IDS ) to roll up informations from the respondents. Using the SPSS-10, the findings of the survey showed that ; caput instructors were by and large satisfied with their stations ; the female caput instructors were more satisfied that the male caput instructors and that the caput instructors located in the urban countries were more satisfied than those located in the rural countries. This survey will set up among other things the relationship between the occupation satisfaction and metropolis life utilizing 100 % of metropolis based immature employees. www.usindh.edu.pk/suje/ †¦ /Issue % 202007†¦ /Dr_Umar_Ali.pdf2:2Job satisfaction in relation to other conceptsMany research plants had been done to set up the relationship between the occupation satisfactions and other concepts such as organizational committedness, life satisfaction, compensation, managerial manners, wor king status, personality, etc.2:2:1 Organizational committednessStranglen ( 2009 ) defined an organisational committedness as how employee identifies him/herself with the organisation. L.K. Stranglen ( 2009 ) carried out a research to find whether occupation satisfaction correlates with organizational committedness. 76 nursing place foodservice employees were the participants. Job satisfaction and organizational committedness study were used to roll up the information. The findings of the research indicated that satisfaction with work itself correlates to organizational committedness and to other three subcategories: organizational designation, engagement in the administration and trueness. Harmonizing to the survey, satisfaction with work did non correlate with satisfaction with wage, benefit or operational processs. It was besides found that the old ages employed did non correlate with designation, engagement or trueness for the organizational committedness study. www.minds.winsconsin.edu. Stranglen ( 2009 ) cited the survey of Sneed and Herman ( 1990 ) that found hospital nutrient service employees 29 old ages old and younger were less committed to the organisation than were employees over 30 old ages. Stranglen ( 2009 ) besides cited Shen, Pitt-Catsouphes and Smyer ( 2007 ) , they reported that older employees are more likely to describe high committedness to employer than either immature employees or employees at the mid – life. . www.minds.winsconsin.edu Stranglen ( 2009 ) besides indicated that immature employees scored lower on trueness which was one facet of committedness. Stranglen ( 2009 ) cited Feinstein and Vondrasek ( 2001 ) who found that employees could be more committed to the organisation by increasing compensation, working conditions and bettering policies. All the above research plants indicated that immature employees have less organisational committedness. This I think may be as a consequence of occupation dissatisfaction. This survey will look into the factors that really act upon occupation satisfaction among metropolis based immature employees and besides analyses the possible correlativity between occupation satisfaction and metropolis life, managerial attacks and chance gained at work. The survey will do usage of 100 % immature employees as the participants. Adeyinka, et Al ( 2007 ) investigated work motive, occupation satisfaction and organisational committedness of library forces in academic and research libraries in Oyo State, Nigeria. They used a modified questionnaire tagged â€Å" Work motive, Job satisfaction and Commitment ( WMJSCS ) to roll up the information from 200 library forces. The instrument consisted of 3 parts viz. motive, occupation satisfaction and committedness. The consequences of the survey found that there is a correlativity between perceived motive, occupation satisfaction and committedness although the correlativity between motive and committedness was negative. In other instance, motive is seen as an ingredient that increases employees ‘ public presentation and occupation satisfaction. The findings besides confirmed that there is a relationship between the organisation committedness and occupation satisfaction. This indicated that those employees who are occupation satisfied may be committed to the organisation. www.webpages.uidaho.edu/~mbolin/tella2.pdf2:2:2Life satisfactionAndrew J Wefald et Al ( 2008 ) studied the relationship of life and occupation satisfaction to emerging attitude, utilizing 532 participants of 62 % males and 37 % females. They made used of ego developed questionnaires and many others studies such as Life Satisfaction ( Diener, Emmons, Larsen & A ; Griffing, 1985 ) . The survey found a correlativity between life satisfaction and occupation satisfaction was important at 0.36 ( P less than 0.01 ) . Their hierarchal arrested development analysis revealed that, after commanding for demographic variables, occupation attitude predicted both life satisfaction and occupation satisfaction nevertheless the relationship was stronger for occupation satisf action. www.midwestacademy.org/Proceedings/ †¦ /Wefald, Smith, etal_33.pdf. This survey will analyze a possible correlativity between occupation satisfaction and metropolis life among the immature employees.2:2:3Training and Workplace public presentationMelanie K. Jones et Al ( 2008 ) in their paper analysed the relationship between preparation, occupation satisfaction and workplace public presentation utilizing the British 2004 Workplace Employee Relations Survey ( WERS ) found that workers who receive really short sum of preparation ( less than one twenty-four hours ) in the old twelvemonth are really less satisfied on several dimensions than those who received no preparation at all. They besides considered an interaction between age and preparation and discovered a important aˆÂ ¦. ? ? ? for workers in their mid-thirtiess. The interaction footings used were besides important for those whose term of office is either 2 or less than 5 or 5 to less than 10 old ages. This survey will analyze a possible correlativity between occupation satisfaction and cha nce ( developing, pay etc ) gained from the occupation among the immature employees http: //ftp.iza.orgHYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //ftp.iza.org/dp3677.pdf † /HYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //ftp.iza.org/dp3677.pdf † dp3677HYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //ftp.iza.org/dp3677.pdf † .pdf. Melanie K. Jones et.al ( 2008 ) cited the survey of Siebern-Thomas ( 2005 ) , who found that occupation satisfaction tended to be greater where there was handiness of work preparation. Besides cited Hersch ( 1991 ) , he found that over educated workers were less satisfied than adequately educated workers. hypertext transfer protocol: //ftp.iza.orgHYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //ftp.iza.org/dp3677.pdf † /HYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //ftp.iza.org/dp3677.pdf † dp3677HYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //ftp.iza.org/dp3677.pdf † .pdf2:2:4Job emphasisNilufar Ahsan, et Al ( 2009 ) investigated the relationship between occupation emphasis and occupation satisfaction among university staff in Malaysia ; the purpose of the survey was to place stressor issues that will act upon the academy staffs ‘ occupation satisfaction. They made usage of 300 respondents from the public university in Klang Valley and besides use transver se – sectional analysis, descriptive analysis and arrested development analysis to analyze the information collected. The followers are some of the findings of the study- there was a relationship between direction function and occupation emphasis ; the association between relationship with others and occupation emphasis was non important ; the relationship between function ambiguity and occupation emphasis is important ; the relationship between the occupation emphasis and occupation satisfaction is important. www.euroHYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.eurojournals.com/ejss_8_1_11.pdf † journalsHYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.eurojournals.com/ejss_8_1_11.pdf † .com/ejss_8_1_11.pdf Nilufar Ahsan, et Al ( 2009 ) cited the UK survey of ( Townley 2000 ) that indicated that the bulk of the workers were unhappy with the current civilization where they were required to work drawn-out hours and header with big work loads while at the same time run intoing production marks and deadlines. They besides cited ( Alexandros-Stamatios et Al, ( 2003 ) that concluded that direction function of an administration is one of the facets that affect work related emphasis among workers. www.euroHYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.eurojournals.com/ejss_8_1_11.pdf † journalsHYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.eurojournals.com/ejss_8_1_11.pdf † .com/ejss_8_1_11.pdf2:2:5Individual and occupation related factorsSariye Gaziolu and Aysit ( 2002 ) observed the occupation satisfaction in Britain sing single and occupation related factors. The four steps of occupation satisfaction considered were ; satisfaction with influence over occupation, satis faction with the sum of wage, satisfaction with sense of accomplishment and occupation satisfaction with regard from supervisors. The paper analysed the above steps of occupation satisfaction utilizing a information of 28240 British employees Workplace Employee Relations Survey ( WERS97 ) and investigated their relationship to single and occupation features. The findings of the survey indicated that adult females were more satisfied with assorted facets of their occupation compared to work forces. They besides observed that satisfaction with the sense of accomplishment and satisfaction with regard from the supervisor reached a lower limit at the ages of 22 and 28 old ages severally. They observed that those with higher degrees of instruction have lower satisfaction than those with low degree of instruction. They besides observed that developing chance in the past twelvemonth led to occupation satisfaction as compared to no preparation. A non-linear relationship between constitution size and the four steps of satisfaction was besides observed.www.erc.metu.edu.tr/menu/series03/0303.pdf2:2:6PersonalityJennifer S. Skibba ( 2002 ) evaluated how personality and occupation satisfaction affect occupation public presentation in employees at a Central Wisconsin fire section. The chief aim of her survey was to see if there was any relationship betw een occupation public presentation, personality and occupation satisfaction. Among other graduated tables used were Cattell ‘s 16 Personality Factors and the participants were all the 38 fire combatants in a local fire section. She found that most of the employees were by and large satisfied with the occupation, work on present occupation and people on present occupation. The survey besides pointed out that most of the employees were unsated with wage, supervising and chance for publicity. The consequences of the 16 Personality Factors graduated table used indicated Warmth and Sensitivity factor as the lowest while the highest mean was found for the Self-Reliance factor. Job satisfaction was positively correlated with the personality factors of animation, leading possible and self-esteem but was negatively correlated with laterality, tenseness and independency. Jennifer S. Skibba ( 2002 ) cited Abraham ( 2000 ) that found that personality cynicism was the best forecaster of occupation satisfaction. hypertext transfer protocol: //www2.uwstout.edu/content/lib/thesis/2002/2002skibbaj.pdf Muhammad Masroor Alam and Jmilha Fakir Mohammmad ( 2009 ) cited Purani and Sahadev ( 2007 ) who argued that while issues like supervisory behavior and compensation signifier a portion of the micro issues sing a gross revenues individual ‘s battle with the organisation, the overall policies and schemes sing the forces is associated with a macro position with respect to the individual ‘s rating of the organisation. Muhammad Masroor Alam and Jmilha Fakir Mohammmad ( 2009 ) saw compensation as one of the most extrinsic indexs of occupation satisfaction and argued that this dimension determines the degree of occupation satisfaction of employees by cognizing how much they are satisfied with the wage or compensation or any other security their occupations have provided to them. They cited Churchill et Al ( 1974 ) that considered compensation as one among the dimensions of occupation satisfaction among gross revenues people. www.saycocorporativo.com/saycoUK/BIJ/journal/ †¦ /Article_10.pdf2:3:0JOB SATISFACTION – Theory2:3:1Bottom-up theory and the top-down theory.Sharon and Zhan, ( 2003 ) conducted a research to explicate how two societal theories compete to explicate what determines occupation satisfaction: the â€Å" bottom-up theory † and the â€Å" top-down † theory. The bottom-up theory fundamentally indicates that individuals have desires and they will be glad if their desires are met or satisfied. The sum of positive and negative effects is used to set up felicity. www.bls.gov/opub/cwc/cm20030522ar01p1.htm. If the positive effects are larger than the negative effects, persons will judge their life as happy. Sharon and Zhan, ( 2003 ) explained that top-down theory indicates that there is â€Å" a planetary leaning to see things in a positive manner. † In other words, all persons have a desire to be happy and this attitude will be the major influence on their lives. Therefore, feelings about occupation satisfaction are generated in one of two ways: from the underside up by adding positive effects and deducting negative 1s, or from the top down by the diffusion of one ‘s desire to be happy. ( Sharon and Zhan, 2003 ) hypertext transfer protocol: //www.bls.gov/opub/cwc/cm20030522ar01p1.htm2:3:2Maslow ‘s Hierarchy of NeedsStranglend ( 2009 ) cited and explained Maslow ‘s Hierarchy of Needs as the theory that is based on a hierarchy of demands. Besides cited Bor, Kraft and Sjunnesson, 2007 ) that indicated that the theory can be showed as a pyramid that has five degree s get downing from physiological, safety, love/belonging, regard and so self-actualisation which are grouped as lack demands. Maslow believed that to actuate an single he/she must run into the basic demands of nutrient, shelter and heat, and so travel to the following degree until he/she reached the highest degree self-actualisation, a degree where one purses interior endowment, creativeness and seeks fulfillment. www.minds.winsconsin.edu.2:3:3Herzberg ‘s Two – Factor TheoryStranglend ( 2009 ) , besides Herzberg ‘s Two – Factor Theory that was developed by Frederick Herzberg. The theory suggested Satisfaction and Dissatisfaction are influences upon employees from two factors known as Incentives ( intrinsic factors ) and Hygiene ( extrinsic factors ) . ( Allen, 1998 ) . hypertext transfer protocol: //www.imdb.com/title/tt0120533/ . The factors affect motive at workplace. It was further explained that Dissatisfaction is related to fortunes near to the work environment such as working conditions, security, wages, quality of supervising and relationship with colleagues instead than from the occupation itself. Deficiency of any of these conditions could do dissatisfaction but has small consequence on long-run satisfaction. These factors are referred to as hygiene or care factors by Herzberg. Satisfaction is the relationship to the occupation itself or aspect from it. This includes the nature of occupation, acknowledgment, accomplishment, personal growing and promotion. Herzberg regards them as incentives. www.minds.winsconsin.edu.2:3:4Locke ‘s Value TheoryStranglend ( 2009 ) besides cited and explained Locke ‘s Value Theory. A portion of the theory indicated that satisfaction is achieved when occupation consequences the employees receive matche those results they desire. It besides indicated that the more consequences people value and receive from the occupation, the more they are satisfied and frailty versa. Stranglend ( 2009 ) besides cited ( Greenberg and Baron, 1997 ) who stated that the chief intent of Locke ‘s theory is understanding the disagreement between what one desires in a occupation and what one has in a occupation that affects satisfaction. For illustration, if one desires to be recognised in a occupation and that same employee received acknowledgment, he/she will be satisfied. If such an employee was non recognised, he/she may be dissatisfied. www.minds.winsconsin.edu.2:3:5Expectancy TheoryExpectancy Theory emphasised that employees are motivated to make their occupations when they achieve what they want or really expected from the occupation. It besides explains the function of motive in the overall work environment. Stranglend ( 2009 ) besides cited ( Greenberg and Baron, 1977 ) who stated that an of import portion of anticipation theory is motive coupled with an employee ‘s expertness and capablenesss, function perceptual experience and chance which influence occupation public presentation. There are managerial methods of anticipation theory that can assist to actuate employees. Harmonizing to them, good directors will inform the employee what is expected from and will assist them to make the coveted degree of public presentation. www.minds.winsconsin.edu.2:3:6Equity theoryA.O. Okaro et Al ( 2010 ) cited the equity theory which views motive as reliant upon the demand for just intervention ( Porter, 1961 ) and the end or purpose theory which postulates that public presentation is determine by the end to which an employee is committed ( Vroom, 1964 ) Stranglend ( 2009 ) the theory explains that the employee is satisfied if the input ( disputing work, making ) is equal to the end products ( wages, benefits ) . This is what it ‘s referred to as equality. www.minds.winsconsin.edu.2:3:7Job Characteristic ModelRajah ( 2009 ) cited Hackman and Oldham that proposed the Job Characteristic Model, which states that there are five core occupation characteristic which impact three critical psychological provinces. The five nucleus occupation characteristic accomplishments assortment, undertaking individuality, undertaking significance, liberty and feedback. All these are combined together to organize a motivative possible mark. The three critical psychological provinces are experient meaningfulness, experient duty for results and cognition of the existent consequences. All these influence work outcomes ( occupation satisfaction, absenteeism, etc ) . ( Rajah, 2009 ) hypertext transfer protocol: //www.slideshare.net/roadies_virus/job-sat isfaction-18814812:4:0Job satisfaction – The graduated tablesIn mensurating occupation satisfaction of the employees, the most common agencies of informations aggregation is Likert Scale. Others are yes/no inquiries, true/false inquiries, points systems, checklist, and forces pick replies. ( Rajah, 2009 ) The major and common graduated tables used for mensurating occupation satisfaction apart from the ego developed questionnaires are:2:4:1The occupation descriptive index ( JDI ) :Stranglen ( 2009 ) explained that the graduated table or questionnaire is based on yes, no or a inquiry grade replies. The inquiries are based on how satisfied the employees are about their occupations and non on how they feel about it. The scale consists of five aspects of occupation satisfaction which are ; satisfaction with colleagues, satisfaction with the work itself, satisfaction with the wage, satisfaction with the chance for publicity and satisfaction with supervising. ( Greenberg and Baron, 1997 ) as cited by Stranglen ( 2009 ) . Many research workers had made usage of this graduated table. www.minds.winsconsin.edu. This survey will do usage of this graduated table to look into the factors that really act upon occupation satisfaction among metropolis based immature employees.2:4:2The Minnesota satisfaction questionnaires ( MSQ )Strangled ( 2009 ) explained MSQ as a graduated table that is developed into two signifiers. The short signifier that contains 20 points step overall satisfaction. The long signifier contains one hundred points and steps 20 aspects. Harmonizing to ( Greenberg and Baron, 1997 ) in ( Strangled, 2009 ) , the graduated tables allow the employees to rate their dissatisfaction to satisfaction about assorted facets of aspects of the occupation. Besides harmonizing to them, the higher the mark on the Likert scale the higher the satisfaction. www.minds.winsconsin.edu. MSQ have been used by tonss of research workers. For illustration, Safdar Rehman Gehazi and Umar Ali Khan ( 2007 ) cited McCann ( 2001 ) who made usage of MSQ in his survey to mensurate the occupation satisfaction of managers in California and Dutka ( 2002 ) besides use the same questionnaires in his survey on occupation satisfaction and organisational clime relationship for female decision makers of higher instruction establishment. Roberto & A ; Jon, ( 2003 ) besides made usage MSQ to analysed the degree of occupation satisfaction by certified athletic trainers in selected National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I-AA establishment holding football programmes. www.thesportjournal.org/ †¦ /HYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thesportjournal.org/ †¦ /job-satisfaction-among-athletic-trainers-ncaa-division-iaa-institutions † jobHYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thesportjournal.org/ †¦ /job-satisfaction-among-athletic-trainers-ncaa-division-iaa-institutions † -HYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thesportjournal.org/ †¦ /job-satisfaction-among-athletic-trainers-ncaa-division-iaa-institutions † satisfactionHYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thesportjournal.org/ †¦ /job-satisfaction-among-athletic-trainers-ncaa-division-iaa-institutions † -HYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protoco l: //www.thesportjournal.org/ †¦ /job-satisfaction-among-athletic-trainers-ncaa-division-iaa-institutions † amongHYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thesportjournal.org/ †¦ /job-satisfaction-among-athletic-trainers-ncaa-division-iaa-institutions † -HYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thesportjournal.org/ †¦ /job-satisfaction-among-athletic-trainers-ncaa-division-iaa-institutions † athleticHYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thesportjournal.org/ †¦ /job-satisfaction-among-athletic-trainers-ncaa-division-iaa-institutions † -HYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thesportjournal.org/ †¦ /job-satisfaction-among-athletic-trainers-ncaa-division-iaa-institutions † trainersHYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thesportjournal.org/ †¦ /job-satisfaction-among-athletic-trainers-ncaa-division-iaa-institutions † -HYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer pr otocol: //www.thesportjournal.org/ †¦ /job-satisfaction-among-athletic-trainers-ncaa-division-iaa-institutions † ncaaHYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thesportjournal.org/ †¦ /job-satisfaction-among-athletic-trainers-ncaa-division-iaa-institutions † -HYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thesportjournal.org/ †¦ /job-satisfaction-among-athletic-trainers-ncaa-division-iaa-institutions † divisionHYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thesportjournal.org/ †¦ /job-satisfaction-among-athletic-trainers-ncaa-division-iaa-institutions † -HYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thesportjournal.org/ †¦ /job-satisfaction-among-athletic-trainers-ncaa-division-iaa-institutions † iaaHYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thesportjournal.org/ †¦ /job-satisfaction-among-athletic-trainers-ncaa-division-iaa-institutions † -HYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer pro tocol: //www.thesportjournal.org/ †¦ /job-satisfaction-among-athletic-trainers-ncaa-division-iaa-institutions † establishments2:4:3The occupation satisfaction study ( JSS )This graduated table was originally developed by Paul Spector ( Field, 2002 ) cited by Strangled ( 2009 ) to measure occupation satisfaction for the human service organisations. It has 36 inquiries based on a Likert graduated table with nine aspects that assess attitudes and facet of the occupation. There are four points within each of the nine aspects. Some of the inquiries in the graduated table demand to be rearward when marking. Richard A. Murray ( 1994 ) made usage of somewhat modified version of JSS to look into occupation satisfaction of professional and paraprofessional library staff at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.2:4:4The occupation diagnostic study ( JDS )Siti Zawiah Dawal and Zahari Taha ( 2006 ) made usage of the JDS to look into the relationship between occupation satisfaction, occupation characteristic and environmental factors that affect work design in two automotive fabrication companies in Malaysia. www.penerbit.utm.my/onlinejournal/44/A/JTJun44A5.pdf

Annotated Bibliography Essay Example for Free (#2)

Annotated Bibliography Essay Formative assessment (11) , annotated bibliography (10) company About StudyMoose Contact Careers Help Center Donate a Paper Legal Terms & Conditions Privacy Policy Complaints Based upon the journalist research of web based learning environment and different learning styles; it seems that web based learning environment is an excellent medium for enhancing learning, due to its ability to adjust to individual student learning styles and preferences. The article investigates the impact of students learning style and their performance. Online degrees have increased since 2006. More learners are becoming more technologically savvy, and it is those learners that are technologically inept, who relies on instructional design from classroom settings and interaction with instructors and peers. The investigation leads to the assessment and learning style on student achievement in a Web based learning environment. If it was just a matter of instructional learning it would be a good fit for all, however, all does not possess technology abilities. If all learners had these abilities, web based learning styles would increase. Web based instructional design modules are not conclusive to certain learning styles. Consideration should be given to the learners characteristics whether the learner is able to grasp the material via the web based instruction. Learners should consider their learning style, motivational level, ability to interact with the instructor and their peers. However, without these abilities, students’ learning styles will be impacted because they lack the abilities to learn via web based instruction modules. Lai, I K. W. & Lam, F.K.S. (2010). Perception of various performance criteria by stakeholders in the construction sector in Hong Kong. Research is conducted to examine different points of views of the importance of performance outcomes in a construction project in Hong Kong. ANOVA was used to analyse the data relative to how the performances were measured. Performances were measured using a performance criteria starting with the most important first, which is time. Timely completion of a project would prevent loss of revenue and penalities to the contractor. Lai and Lam noted that construction projects require concise planning, and are  divided between the consultant and the contractor. However, each pa rty plays a significant part in the projects’ success. The difference between the client and the contractor; the client usually push for timely completion and would offer an incentive bonus for timely completion, however, the contractor would prefer a reasonable duration of time, therefore to avoid penalities to the contractor. The client, consultant, and the contractor, all parterner together to make the project a success by bringing job satisfaction, quality, safety, environment, generation of innovative ideas, performance criteria, and effectiveness to the project. Avoiding any mishaps that will delay or keep the project from running smoothly. Williams, A BTM7101-8 Activity 6, pg 2 The results of the research found that time was the most important factor of the project and should be taken into consideration early on in the planning process, and certain allowances should be factored into the budget, such as time constraints, delays, and mishaps that could happen during the construction of the project. References Wang, K.H., Wang, J.H., Wang, W.L. & Huang, S.C. (2006) Learning styles and formative assessment strategy: enhancing student achievement in Web-based learning Wang T., Wang K., Wang W., Huang S. & Chen S. (2004) Web-based Assessment and Test Analyses (WATA) system: development and evaluation. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning 20, 59–71 Ford N. & Chen S. (2000) Individual differences, hypermedia navigation and learning: an empirical study. Journal of Educational Multimedia and Hypermedia 9, 281–312. Seckel, S. (2007 Characteristics and Responsibilities of Successful e-Learners LAI, I. K. W. (2010). Perception of Various performance criteria by stateholders in the construction sector in Hong kong. Assaf, S.A. and Al-Hejji, S. (2006) Causes of delay in large construction projects. International Journal of Project Management, 24(4), 349-57. Naoum, S. (2003) An overview into the concept of parternering . International Journal of Project Management 21(1), 71-6. PAH (2008) Project Administration Handbook for Civil Engineeering Works, 2008 Edition. Annotated Bibliography. (2016, Mar 28). We have essays on the following topics that may be of interest to you

Finance assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Finance - Assignment Example These Advisory services provide the clients to grow. A Financer: as a financer it provides their clients i.e. the local, state and national governments to finance and expand the infrastructure. It also works for the clients to transact, support, manage, innovate and invest (The Goldman Sachs Group, Inc. (GS), 2015). The profit on the investments is known as the rate of return, it can be of two types. Firstly are the Dividends that paid to the shareholders out of the profits of the organization in the form of returns of the investments made by the shareholders. The dividend rate is announced by the Board of Directors of the organization. Secondly, the return is in the form of Capital Gain/Loss. Mostly, the capital gain is reinvested by the shareholders to get new shares of the company. The total return can be calculated by adding the Dividends and the Capital Gain. Where Rs denotes the rate of return from investment in the company’s shares, DY denotes the dividend yield that provides investors the idea about the actual percentage of returns paid out to the shareholders in the form of dividends, and CG is the capital gain that shareholders can achieve from their holding in the company’s shares. The dividend yield can be calculated using the following formula. Where, D1 is the dividend expected in period 1 that is determined by applying an estimated growth rate of dividends to the dividend paid in period 0, P0 refers to the price of the company’s shares in period 0 and P1 is the stock price in period 1. It helps in measuring the risk of change in the value of the company’s stock in relation to the change in the value of the market index. It is mainly used to compare the risk of one stock with other stocks. The measure can help investors make their investment decisions based on their risk assessment and acceptance of risk. The value of beta equal to 1 represents that

Critical response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Critical response - Essay Example Furthermore, considering her cynical attitude, it is possible she hast tried very many. I am of the opinion that technology is not a panacea for educational problems. However, this does not mean that it is all bad like the writer would have us believe. In fact, the authors seeming large scale condemnation of the notion of using technology in education of children is the main point of friction from my side. The article contains five arguments against the use of technology in elementary school; thus, I will undertake to examine each of them while adding additional evidence where I deem it necessary in the quest to acquiesce to or dispute some of the claims as posited by the author. Technology may be a controversial subject in lower school because the subject in the lower school, but in upper levels, it has become part of the system. This is because their teachers are unlikely to have the luxury of using their own discretion on whether to inculcate it in the syllabi or not. This is mostly because to majority of teenagers, IT is part of their lives and many spend hours in front of computer monitors or surfing and watching videos on their Ipads and I phones. As such teachers doing things their way is likely to be the IT way. As such, the lower school students will be better placed to acclimatize themselves to the technology higher up if it is introduced early. In the initial argument, the writer posits that the benefits are not clear due to insufficient research on the subject. He goes ahead to quote some of the findings and claim that technology has been found to have negative impacts on the concentration of children. While this might have some negative effects, it is not a conclusive result either. Furthermore, by his own admission, there is not enough evidence to show the benefits then it goes without saying there is not enough to uphold

Should People Use Animals for Medical Research Essay

Should People Use Animals for Medical Research - Essay Example This report approves that it is important for the medical researchers and scientists to choose the kind of animals to use in their research and experiments. The animals used for these purposes should not be exposed to unnecessarily sufferings. No regulations control to govern the treatment of animals as research models. Regulations are offered by the governmental agencies on the procedures to adhere to when using animal models in research. Animals ought not to be killed for use in medical research. Animals have been of immense importance for the development of therapies for treating cardiovascular problems and other deadly ailments besides the anesthetics used in surgery. In contrast, the animal rights groups dissent with this opinion. This essay makes a conclusion that the arguments exposed about the subject are diverse. A group of considerate individuals feel that it is important to use animals and not to treat them in inhumane way. The opponents detest the practice because it lacks moral reasoning. The proponents argued that it was of benefit to both animals and humans. The moral arguments are explored and the conflicting positions revealed in using animals as the only alternative in essential procedures without appropriate substitutes currently. There is an increasing and active need from the animal rights groups to find alternatives to for use in medical experiments. The use of animals is immensely accepted and supported because of the legislative regulations guiding the process, and the benefits that animal models have helped to achieve in medical knowledge. The use of animals for scientific research has been worthwhile for both animal and human health.

Concept of culture shock and reflective diary Essay

Concept of culture shock and reflective diary - Essay Example 16 Reisinger, Y. &, Turner, L. 2003. Cross cultural behaviour in tourism. London: British Library 16 Concept of ‘Culture Shock’ Culture shock is the feeling of dissociation that one feels upon travelling to a foreign country and experiencing a sudden change in their way of life. It is experienced due to a sudden change in food, clothing, manner of communication and even the roles of men and women in the community as. It results from one being unable to read the cultural cues as they differ from the ones, which an individual was familiar with at home. Culture shock has been identified to occur in five different phases Euphoria, disintegration, reintegration, adjustment and re-entry, each one has its own challenges and should be handled in a different manner from the other. Before Travel Before preparing to travel to a new destination, the individual should read as much as they can about their new location. Background knowledge will result in the traveller being prepared t o see some of the things that differ from their culture, which will mean lower shock, and less confrontation between the traveller and the indigenous people (Greensboro, n.d). Upon arrival, the traveller should also talk to his embassy about the local culture there, this is imperative to add on the learning in order to get a first-hand detailed description of the differences they will experience from those from their own country. While China is trying to improve its international image, its public toilets have been of very low hygiene standards (Bailie and Jeff, 2013) and most foreigners are generally advised by their own fellow citizens to not use the public ones but rather wait to use the ones at their hotel. This is information that can only be got from first-hand experience and not from any average travel website. Initial Euphoria Upon arrival, the newcomer to the society is usually excited by the experience of going to a new culture. The new way of life seems extremely appealin g and is usually experienced by those who have stayed there for at most a month. Many tourists on holiday experience this and travel back home without progressing to the other stages. People in the euphoric stage use words such as enchanting, magical, mystical, beautiful and exotic to describe the places they have travelled to as they are experiencing the new country for the first time even when the new country has high levels of poverty and a low development level (Pedersen, 1995). The reason for this is that the locals of the destination country recognize that you are a foreigner and therefore exempt you from the social expectations and cultural norms that the rest of the country is governed by. The locals therefore dismiss the foreigner as just been ignorant instead of confronting them as they would a local (Pedersen, 1995). Police also realize that the national image is at stake when a foreigner lodges a complaint and will do their best to ensure that their problems are resolved quickly in order to avoid complaints being lodged by the embassy resulting in their supervisors coming to scrutinise their work. Locals also try their best to ensure that foreigners will leave with a good report of the country and therefore see to it they explain to them the dangers of doing certain things that would be criticised in the destination c

Probation and Punishment in Correctional Facilities Assignment

Probation and Punishment in Correctional Facilities - Assignment Example My review of Kris’ file matches Roberts. I concur with Roberts views on whether a Kris’ pre-sentence report predicts that he shall successfully complete. He considers the fact that Kris recently got married, has no history of probation as an adult and the fact the completed his probation successfully as an a juvenile. I concur with the yardsticks employed to arrive at the conclusion. Successful stints of probation in the past indicate that the candidate is committed to observing the rules of probation. However, I disagree. I disagree with the recommendation that he should report bi-weekly. Kris has a stable family he is attached to, fixed abode, committed to work and desiring a prosperous future. Consequently, it is proper if he reports once every month. A profile for a perfect probation candidate should consider whether the candidate has a fixed place or residence, or a place where he has lived for more than 5 years. He should have a good rapport not only with his pare nts, but also with the surrounding community. This ensures that the community will not stigmatize him which risks possibility for flight or relapse into the crime. Lastly, an employee or somebody who is dedicated to his work is likely to be financially stable and occupied to resort to crime. The strategy of matching inmates to prison facilities helps to implement the Eighth Amendment. The Amendment prohibits cruel and unusual punishment of prisoners while they are in prison. A prohibition of cruel and unusual punishment is a universal rule of constitutional law in United States (Fellman, 1957, p. 34). In essence, even after the prisoner is sentenced to jail, the constitutional rights under the eighth amendment applies to define conditions of treatment during the confinement period. Any punishment that violates basic human rights is deemed cruel and inhuman. Matching inmates to prison facilities ensures compliance with the eighth amendment. It ensures that there is balance and propor tionality between the programs needs and the level of security. Prisons differ in terms of the level of security and facilities available.  

A Search on the Word Hysterical Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

A Search on the Word Hysterical - Essay Example One of the sources for the word hysterical took up the psychoanalytic perspective of the word, explaining why a person would be hysterical through relating it with development especially during childhood.2 Here, the same symptoms of hysteria- lack of control of emotions- are seen as defining the personality. Hence, the concept of a hysterical personality arises, where the individual experiences the symptoms of hysteria continually rather than isolated. The hysterical person has a neurotic condition underlying the neurotic symptoms observed. The origin of the hysterical personality is traced from fixation at one point during the individual’s development. Here, the individual is seen to be fixated at the infantile stage from where they cannot achieve actuality as adult human beings. This source also argues that hysterical personality, just as compulsive personality, manifests in multiple ways and cannot be entirely described as a homogenous occurrence among the individuals. The very origin of the word in this case is the Greek word hyster which translates to uterus. A closer look at the role of language in culture explains the observation of the disconnect between the uterine Greek source of the word and the contemporary meaning. It is noted that, in the male dominated culture, language treats things of greater significance or value as being masculine and those of lesser significance as feminine.3 This is clearly manifested in the word hysterical; a lack of control of emotions is perceived as negative, and associated with femininity as indicated by the source of the word-uterus. In contrast, a positive aspect such as moral worth is described by virtuous whose origin is â€Å"vir† the Greek word for â€Å"man†. Here, it is clear that language helps mirror dominant social perceptions and even aids in their perpetuation as in the case of the word hysterical. Another perspective of the hysteria can be obtained through establishing the person usin g the language. For an individual not well versed in medicine or semantic development of language, hysteria bears a totally different and independent meaning4. To this population, arguably the majority, the original basic meaning of the word hysteria is lost. Whereas psychoanalysts and doctors historically viewed the word as conveying symptoms of psychiatric disorder, to the contemporary world the word means string emotional reactions. The original word loses its description of a personality status in a patient and describes a state of emotions even in a normal person. In daily use, hysteria even takes light meanings of â€Å"very funny† such as when used to describe a joke. Here, it is clear that the original meaning of the words is lost or difficult to trace for the majority of people, and the debate on the word remains constrained to sociological standpoint perspectives. The various views on the lexicology of the word hysteria bring forth the question of when persons who h old different meanings of the word interact. It is noted that although the word may have lost its Greek uterine original meaning, the Greek element still persists in English medical terms such as hysteroscopy and hysterectomy.5 However, the dominant meaning for the word hysterical is uncontrolled emotions by both men and women, without any reference to the uterus. Haliday and Teubert cite an example of a clash of meanings on the word; a witness had described a man as being hysterical to which the lawyer had brought forth the uterine source of the wor

Qwest International Communications Research Proposal

Qwest International Communications - Research Proposal Example Qwest International Company is a public telecommunications company that provides services such as wireless services, video and internet services as well as short and long distance communications to both individual and wholesale consumers. It has achieved its objective in conjunction with other players such as Verizon wireless and Direct Television. The company is also involved in sub letting of properties such as warehouses and offices. Its headquarter are located in Denver, Colorado but operations are well spread out to over fourteen states in the United States some of which are South Dakota, Oregon, Wyoming, Minnesota, Arizona, Idaho, Iowa, New Mexico, Nebraska, Utatah and Montana. The company is headed by a Chief Executive Officer by name Edward Mueller who also serves as the chairman to the Board of Directors of the company, and under him are over 38,000 employees. These employees are involved in provision of services that are world class in nature. Qwest International Company has been listed in the stock exchange and with a symbol of New York Stock Exchange (NYSE): Q and revenue of over $13.8 billion in the financial year 2007 (Handley 264). Qwest Communications International specializes in ... Chapter 2 Qwest International Company. Vision To be the company of choice that provides telecommunication services that include teleconferencing facilities, both post and pre-paid calling cards, provision of fiber optic networks and long distance telecommunication facilities to their customers. Mission The company's mission has been to ensure that employees' strengths are utilized as a means of ensuring future success of the company's business activities. Background Qwest International Company is a public telecommunications company that provides services such as wireless services, video and internet services as well as short and long distance communications to both individual and wholesale consumers. It has achieved its objective in conjunction with other players such as Verizon wireless and Direct Television. The company is also involved in sub letting of properties such as warehouses and offices. Its headquarter are located in Denver, Colorado but operations are well spread out to over fourteen states in the United States some of which are South Dakota, Oregon, Wyoming, Minnesota, Arizona, Idaho, Iowa, New Mexico, Nebraska, Utatah and Montana. The company is headed by a Chief Executive Officer by name Edward Mueller who also serves as the chairman to the Board of Directors of the company, and under him are over 38,000 employees. These employees are involved in provision of services that are world class in nature. Qwest International Company has been listed in the stock exchange and with a symbol of New York Stock Exchange (NYSE): Q and revenue of over $13.8 billion in the financial year 2007 (Handley 264). Literature review Products & services Qwest Communications International specializes in three major areas of service provision the

Importance of Technical & Vocational Institution Essay Example for Free

Importance of Technical Vocational Institution Essay This research attempts to investigate the importance of technical vocational institution. This research is also carried out to find out the various methods objective of research. What is the expectation to fulfil the requirement of being indusrtialized nation?. Well, having the existence of technical vocational institution are mainly to produce hands on skills on students as well as to develop them to become a part of industrialized nation. In developing our country , technical vocational school has come to existence to give students opportunity to choose skills that can be learned. This research is carried out to find out the advantages of having technical vocational institution in Malaysia. Besides that, this research to investigate the effectiveness of having this kind of school in our country and ways to improve vocational technical education system. 1. 1 BACKGROUND OF THE RESEARCH This research is carried out to provide awareness of the existence of technical and vocational institution as well as to introduce the importances of this institution. Nowadays, we are facing problem that this kind of institution is out of date and is lacking systematically and also having doubts whether it is meeting the current industrial needs in the country. Therefore, this research is carried out to introduce and emphasized on the importance of this institution. The background of this research is based on its development. The formal technical and vocational education system under the Ministry of Education starts at the upper secondary level, where there are 70 secondary vocational schools with an enrolment of 33,751 students and nine secondary technical schools having a total 5,339 students. The secondary vocational schools offer a course structure that covers the same core subjects as in other upper secondary academic schools. In addition to these core subjects, the vocational school students select a group of vocational subjects in accordance with the vocational course following. Vocational studies make up about 50 percent of the total course content in the secondary vocational school. Based in nature and technical subjects offered are less practical in nature. Technical studies make up only about 17 per cent of the total course content in the secondary technical school. At the post-secondary level there are six polytechnics with a student population of 15, 000 with about 12,000 students undergoing courses at the certificate level and 3,000 students at the diploma level. The objective of the polytechnics is to produce trained manpower at the semi-profesional level in various areas of engineering and commerce. At the certificate level about 80 percent of the students are following engineering courses. Female students make up about 25 percent of the total student population. Some examples of training government agencies are MARA- skills training institutes Ministry of Youth and Sport – Youth Training Centres and Ministry of Welfare Services- Training Centres. 1. 2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Statement of problems: 1. It shows that lately technical vocational institution is out of date. 2. Students mainly are not aware of the avantages of technical vocational institution. 1. 3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY This researh method to meet the following objectives: * To investigate the importances of technical vocational institution. * To find out ways to improve tecnical vocational education system. 1. 4 RESEARCH QUESTION The following research question is translated in order to meet the research objective. * Which is the importance of technical vocational institution?. * What is the implication to students on the importance of having technical vocational institution?. 1. 5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY The significance of the study is to help students and teacher to indentify the importance of having technical vocational institutons. Vocational and technical education is important because not everyone should be expected to take the path of going to a university and getting a university degree. Some people prefer to take a non-academic path because this is where their passion and interests lies. As such, having a good vocational and technical training and education program is important to ensure that students who are inclined towards these sectors have a respectable channel to pursue skills in this area. In Malaysia, making the pursuit of these skills is one of the ways to reduce school dropout rates and to increase the skills and earning power of those who do not lean towards the academic arena. Most students graduate without actually obtaining a real tertiary education, and the good students also suffer because the intellectual discourse that is supposed to happen in classes never materializes. This is a truly unfortunate side effect of the governments drive to produce more graduates. Enrollment criteria into universities get lowered every year because of the competition to get students at all costs, so quality suffers even more. 1. 6 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY This research covers only students from Universiti Industri Selangor ( UNISEL ) where the research was conducted to find out the results and point of views regarding the topic of research. Besides that, the research only covers students aged between 18 to 25 years old for oipinions and point of view on the matter of the topic. The research also covers only soe student from technical vocatioanal school. 1. 7 CONCLUSION This chapter gives brief explaination, definition on the background of the study where researcher aim to investigate the mportance of technical vocational institution and the affectiveness of having this kind of school in our country as well to support our country to become and industrilized country. This chapter also gives the background of the study and significance of the study. CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2. 1 INTRODUCTION Literature review comprises of related literature which is definition of topic, a general overview, advantages and also types of technical vocational institution. In this chapter it shows the types of technical institution available. Besides that, the current importance is shown in the advantages as well as the implication of the topic. The variations of institution is also mentioned in this chapter to give clear view of the types of school available, thus emphasizing on the importance of this research. 2. 2 RELATED LITERATURE 2. 2. 1- Definition of technical and vocational institution. 2. 2. 2- Advantages of technical vocatioanal institution. 2. 2. 3- Types of technical vocational institution. 2. 2. 1 DEFINITION OF TECHNICAL VOCATIONAL INSTITUTION Tecnique means a particular way of doing something, especially one in which you have to learn special skills. Besides that, it is the skill with which somebody is able to do something practical. ( Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, 7 Ed, 2006). Institution on the hand is defined as a large important organization that has a particular purpose, for example, a university or school. In this case, institution is a place where it serves the need of educating technical skills as well as basic subjects to students. While cited in the web Wikipedia, vocational education or Vocational Education and Training (VET), also called Career and Technical Education (CTE), prepares learners for jobs that are based in manual or practical activities, traditionally non-academic and totally related to a specific trade, occupation or vocation, hence the term, in which the learner participates. It is sometimes referred to as technical education, as the learner directly develops expertise in a particular group of techniques or technology. 2. 2. 2 ADVANTAGES OF TECHNICAL VOCATIONAL INSTITUTION. In this chapter, researcher will be emphasizing in the advantages of technical vocational institution. Nowadays,not everyone should be expected to take a path of going to University and getting a university degree. Therefore, having technical vocational institution is to ensure that students who are inclined towrd these sector ( technical vocational ) have a respectable channel to persue skills in this area which is to technical vocational scholls as well as institution. Besides that, having technical and vocational school is to reduce school dropout  rates and to increase the skills and earning power of those who do not learn toward academic area. These students will have quality hands on skills and is useful in providing them job opportunity in future especially in the techinical industry. Students also are abe to develop their skills as well make use of it in the current development. On the other hand, some student are able to study basic subjects and favoured skills as they want to. This increase the capability of learning and creats creatve individuals for the nation. Besides being a stepping stone, yhis hands on students in developng skill and providing job opportunity. Iit also produces active quality manpower in the country 2. 2. 3 TYPES OF TECHNICAL VOCATIONAL EDUCATION Technical and vocational institution is diveded into two levels first is the upper secondary level (Form 4 and Form 5) is the level where technical and vocational education formally commences. Here, the technical and vocational schools offer the same core subjects as normal academic schools. These cover several core subjects for the languages, mathematics, and sciences but in addition the students are required to take selected technical and vocational subjects from a group of several different options. Secondary Technical Vocational School has 3 streams for selection which includes:Technical Stream, Vocational Stream and Skill Training Stream. Upon completing 2 years of studies at this level, the technical or vocational school students are required to sit for the common public examination called the Malaysia Certificate of Education or Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia (SPM) examination similar to those academic school students from the secondary academic schools. However students from the Skill Training stream will sit for Sijil Kemahiran Malaysia* (Malaysian Skill Certificate) after which a government skill qualification is awarded for Level 1, 2, 3, 4 5. The higher level is Technical and Vocational Education at Post Secondary Level This post-secondary level of technical education, which is under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Higher Education, comprises the following public institutions: Polytechnics, Community Colleges, Technical University Colleges and Public Universities. There are currently 19 polytechnics in the country conducting technical and vocational education offering 37 diploma and 26 certificate programmes covering study areas like engineering, commerce, food technology, marine, hospitality and Design. Community Colleges were first established by the government in the year 2000 with the primary objective of providing alternative skill training and education for secondary school leavers and those who have left the formal education system. In order to upgrade the image and professional level of technical and vocational education due to the increasing importance of employment in the industrial sectors, the government has, since 1999, set up 5 technical university colleges to focus on higher technical education offering engineering and related technical programmes designed to produce graduates with strong theoretical and cognitive knowledge and who possess high competency in application skills. They are:Kolej Universiti Sains dan Teknologi Malaysia ,Kolej Universiti Teknologi Tun Hussein Onn,Kolej Universiti Teknikal Kebangsaan Malaysia,Kolej Universiti Kejuruteraan Utara Malaysia and Kolej Universiti Kejuruteraan Teknologi Malaysia. There are currently a total of 17 public universities in the country which is inclusive of the abovementioned 5 technical university colleges. Besides the 5 specialist technical universities colleges, many of the regular public universities, particularly the Universiti Teknologi Malaysia offer many technical and technological as well as engineering programmes leading to diploma and degree qualifications. In the meantime, as for technician/sub-professional and craft-level courses, the government training agencies which are involved in conducting training for student trainees include the Ministry of Human Resources. These agencies carry out the programmes through Industrial Training Institutes, MARA, under the Ministry of Entrepreneur Development, through the Skills Training Institutes, the Ministry of Youth Sports through Youth Training Centres, and the Ministry of Welfare Services through its Training Centres. In addition, training is also conducted by the Ministry of Agriculture to produce Junior Agricultural Assistants at the Agricultural Institute. Mention must also be made of the training conducted by the Standards and Industrial Research Institute of Malaysia (SIRIM) in various specialised fields for the public and private sectors, as well as training by the National Productivity Centre for the public and private sectors in areas of management and administration. 2. 3 CONCLUSION This chapter gives explaination, definition, development as well as the importance of technical vocational institution. This chapter comprises of variety of institution available and its fuction as well it effect n education system. Besides that,his chapter involves the development of institution from establishment to the current development. The importance which is the advantages is clearly in this chapter to match the objective of the research. CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3. 1 INTRODUCTION This research attempts to investigate the importance of technical and vocational institution. This chapter outlines the methodologies engaged in the research. This chapter is extremely important as it determines the success or failure of this research whereby it takes into account of the methodology and procedure used by the researchers to get the necessary and wealthy information. 3. 2 RESEARCH DESIGN In this research, the researchers have chosen to use a qualitative approach in order to collect data. In this research, a set of questionnaires will be administered to a selected number of people. This step is necessary for the researchers to gather the necessary data and submit the findings in a form of report. The data or information obtained from the questionnaire administered will be interpreted in Chapter 4. 3. 3 POPULATION AND SAMPLES The sample of this research will mainly be university students specifically University Industri Selangor (UNISEL) students. The sample will be approximately 20 students. The students will comprise of both male and female students from all races. The subjects will be randomly picked comprising of students with different point of view. 3. 4 INSTRUMENTATION In this research, the instrumentation would be in the form questionnaire. The instrument is revised for its clarity and importance towards the research. The questionnaire will be given to each student. It aims to research on how to improve the technical and vocational education system and make it up to date as well as to research on the importance of this institution in education. Besides that, the questionnaire is to gain opinions and suggestions from the public. 3. 4. 1 QUESTIONNAIRE The student was given a set of questionnaire comprising of 8 closed-ended questions and 2 open-ended question. The questionnaire is used to save time as the result of the questionnaire is easy to be evaluated. The questionnaire is formed in respond of Yes or No answers. The students need to choose and tick or circle the options accordingly. 3. 5 DATA ANALYSIS This research will be analysed using the results of questionnaire carried out the with the university students. The data will then be analysed using the SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Science) computer software that enables the researchers to do many types of statistical analyses. The percentage of questionnaire results will be analysed and calculated through this software. Then, the researchers will make references based on the statistical analyses. This allows the researchers to have a better quality of research outcomes. CHAPTER 4: DATA ANALYSIS 4. 1 INTRODUCTION This chapter will mention the results of questionnaire after they are analysed and calculated. The data collected is based on the qualitative approach. The data presented will include the total of 20 samples (students). The questionnaire will be further analysed according to 10 different questions given. 4. 2 QUESTIONNAIRE ANALYSIS. In this section, the data with references to the topic of the research has been collected by distributing 20 set of questionnaires to the university students. The feedbacks and responses from the students have been positive for the researchers to draw a certain conclusion. 4. 2. 1 Q1 The first question in the questionnaire is â€Å"Are you aware of the existence of technical and vocational school? † The question’s objective is to find out whether students are aware of this kind of school’s existence. Based on the questionnaire results, the 20 students who took the survey comprises of 20 samples with different answers. The results is that almost 95% of the students answered yes, and are aware of the existence of this type of institution while 5% of the students were not aware of the existence of this type of institution. This shows that mostly Students are aware of the existence of this type of institution. 4. 2. 2 Q2 The second question in the questionnaire is â€Å"Is technical and vocational institution beneficial? † This question is aimed to find out the importance of this type of institution. Almost 85% of the students agreed that this type of school is beneficial. While 15% of the students did not agree that this institutions were beneficial. This result shows clearly that students in majority agreed that this institution is giving advantages while minority have doubts on its advantages. 4. 2. 3 Q3 The third question is â€Å"Does it helps develop skills? †This question is to determine whether the main medium in this school will help students develop skills. 90% of the response agreed that it develop skills while 10% of the responses found that attending this school does not help develop skills. 4. 2. 4 Q4 Q5 The fourth and fifth questions in the questionnaire are inter-related to each other. Question 4 â€Å"Is technical vocational education up to date? †60% of the students agreed that it was not up to date while only 40% agreed that it was up to date. Question 5 is â€Å"Is it efficient in training skills? † Only 39% agreed that it is efficient while 61% agreed that it was not efficient. This proves that the efficiency of its productivity has link with the current development of this type of institutions. . 4. 2. 5 Q6 Q7 The sixth question in the questionnaire and the seventh question is inter-related too. â€Å"Is it necessary to have vocational technical education system? The results was 90% agreed it is necessary while 10% agreed the other way around. Question seventh is â€Å"Do you think Malaysian vocational technical institution meets the current industrial need? † 40% think it meets the current industrial need while 60% disagree with it. This shows that in question sixths result that it is important to have this type of institution. 4. 2. 6 Q8 The eight question is â€Å"Does it help proving job opportunity in future? † this question aims to prove one of its advantages. 85% agreed that it helps providing job chances while 15% disagree it help in providing job opportunity. This shows that it is important to have this type of institution for students in our country. 4. 2. 7 Q9 Q10. The ninth and the final question in this questionnaire is an open-ended question which is â€Å"In your opinion, what benefit does technical vocational school provides? and â€Å"Suggestions on ways to improve vocational and technical education system†. This final question is to give the students a chance to express their idea or suggestion. Based on the suggestions given, most of the students feel that the main benefit is it develops in training students skills. Besides that, it also provides job opportunity to students and it gives student who are not academically successful an opportunity to excel in a different field of study. The suggestions given was more focused in upgrading the system, the facilities, the study tool, the learning environment as well as the materials in order for Malaysia to take a step forward in industrial development as well as vision 2020. 4. 3 SUMMARY Based on the data collected and using SPSS for the questionnaire, there are more advantages than the disadvantages of having this type of school. Besides that, the importance of technical vocational institution is that it is the current demand of the era that each country produces its own manpower and nation with good quality skills which is useful for the development of the country. CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION, IMPLICATION SUGGESSTION 5. 1 INTRODUCTION This chapter incorporates the last aspect of the research which is the most important part of the research. The first section of the chapter will cover the survey of the findings which is based on the main findings. The second section is on implication and suggestion or recommendation. The third section is on the final summary or the conclusion of this survey. 5. 2 SURVEY OF FINDINGS Based on the main findings, it clearly shows that students mostly almost all the students are aware of the importance of the technical vocational institution. Besides that, in building an industrialized nation we have to be aware of the importance keeping and upgrading this type of school to its best level. In a nutshell, there are loads of advantages having and attending technical vocational school. 5. 3 IMPLICATION AND RECOMMENDATION According to the suggestions gathered through the survey, the students strongly agrees that the institution to be upgraded and improved both in its syllabus and also education system to provide conducive learning to take place. Besides that, the skills taught should be inclined with the industries upgrading demand. 5. 4 CONCLUSION In fulfilling the vision 2020, our country of all parties should upgrade its education system. Besides that, having technical and vocational skills is not just as a place for students who are not successful in academic but it should be an institution which produces good quality skilled professionals in future. It should also be a stepping stone for every student attending this school in obtaining better jobs in future. The importance of technical and vocational school is clearly aware by students. Therefore, this institution should be taken seriously into consideration by students as it provides extra knowledge as well as helps develop hands on skill in students. This institution has a great advantage in the industry especially in producing and moulding new generation with certified skills therefore each and every nation should support its development and existence. In a nutshell, everyone should play a major role in keeping the importance of this technical and vocational institution and also support its function in education to make it more efficient. REFERENCES http//:www. wikipedia. com http//:www. studymalaysia. com. my Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, 7 Ed, 2006 RESEARCH: THE IMPORTANCE OF TECHNICAL VOCATIONAL INSTITUTION NAME: Susanthi Rani Rajoo 4091008981 Noorfara Ashikin Ahmad Tarmizi 4091009991 Alyani Mohd Radzi 4091009561 Lisa Mastura Muhd Zahid Poh4073010421 GROUP: 1A SUBJECT: Philosophy and Development of Education Industry In Malaysia LECTURER: Mr Baghawi PROGRAMME: Bachelor Of Education (Hons)(TESL) FACULTY: Faculty Of Education and Language Studies.

To What Extent Was the Contribution of Martin Luther King Central to the Success of the Civil Rights Movement Essay Example for Free

To What Extent Was the Contribution of Martin Luther King Central to the Success of the Civil Rights Movement Essay The first major event of King’s civil rights career was the Montgomery Bus Boycott. On December 5, 1955, five days after Montgomery civil rights activist Rosa Parks refused to obey the citys rules mandating segregation on buses, black residents launched a bus boycott and elected King as president of the newly-formed Montgomery Improvement Association. As the boycott continued during 1956, King gained national prominence as a result of his exceptional oratorical skills and personal courage. His house was bombed and he was convicted along with other boycott leaders on charges of conspiring to interfere with the bus companys operations. Despite these attempts to suppress the movement, Montgomery bus were desegregated in December, 1956, after the United States Supreme Court declared Alabamas segregation laws unconstitutional. There can be no doubt that Martin Luther King was essential in giving the movement mass appeal. He gave it the charismatic figurehead that it lacked until that stage and he helped move it out of the courtroom and the control of the NAACP onto the streets. His charisma helped push the Montgomery Bus boycott into the public eye and keep it there. In 1957, seeking to build upon the success of the Montgomery boycott movement, King and other southern black ministers founded the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). Under the leadership of Martin Luther King from 1957-1968 the SCLC became a highly publicised and popular organisation in the fight for racial justice. It was a southern movement and was based on the black church. The SCLC therefore differed greatly form the NAACP, which was northern, secular and regarded as overly influenced by white members. Although increasingly portrayed as the pre-eminent black spokesperson, King did not mobilize mass protest activity during the first five years after the Montgomery boycott ended. While King moved cautiously, southern black college students took the initiative, launching a wave of sit-in protests during the winter and spring of 1960. King sympathized with the student movement and spoke at the founding meeting of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) in April 1960, but he soon became the target of criticisms from SNCC activists determined to assert their independence. Even Kings decision in October, 1960, to join a student sit-in in Atlanta did not allay the tensions, although presidential candidate John F. Kennedys sympathetic telephone call to Kings wife, Coretta Scott King, helped attract crucial black support for Kennedys successful campaign. The 1961 Freedom Rides, which sought to integrate southern transportation facilities, demonstrated that neither King nor Kennedy could control the expanding protest movement spearheaded by students. The Freedom Rides achieved the goal it set out to accomplish. At the request of Attorney General, Robert Kennedy, all bus segregation was outlawed, much more forcefully than the previous Supreme Court ruling. King cannot accept full credit for this campaign, but he is due the credit where it is deserved. Although he did not initiate the Freedom Rides, nor take part immediately after they began, he did raise full awareness of the cause and successfully united all the civil rights leaders together. By this point in King’s history it is clear that he had learned how to use the media to his advantage, an invaluable skill. Many of Kings critics however have stated that his involvement in the protest was very minimal, and his main aim of joining the movement was to promote the SCLC. Conflicts between King and younger militants were also evident when both SCLC and SNCC assisted the Albany (Georgia) Movements campaign of mass protests during December of 1961 and the summer of 1962. Shortly after the failed civil rights campaign in Albany, King began one his largest civil rights movements yet. After achieving very few of his objectives in Albany, King recognized the need to organize a successful protest campaign free of conflicts with SNCC. During the spring of 1963, he and his staff guided mass demonstrations in Birmingham, Alabama, where local white police officials were known from their anti-black attitudes. Clashes between black demonstrators and police using police dogs and fire hoses generated newspaper headlines through the world. In June, President Kennedy reacted to the Birmingham protests and the obstinacy of segregationist Alabama Governor George Wallace by agreeing to submit broad civil rights legislation to Congress (which eventually passed the Civil Rights Act of 1964). Subsequent mass demonstrations in many communities culminated in a march on August 28, 1963, that attracted more than 250,000 protesters to Washington, D. C. Addressing the marchers from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial, King delivered his famous I Have a Dream oration. During the year following the March, Kings renown grew as he became Time magazines Man of the Year and, in December 1964, the recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize. Despite fame and accolades, however, King faced many challenges to his leadership. Malcolm Xs (1927-1965) message of self-defense and black nationalism expressed the discontent and anger of northern, urban blacks more effectively than did Kings moderation. During the 1965 Selma to Montgomery march, King and his lieutenants were able to keep intra-movement conflicts sufficiently under control to bring about passage of the 1965 Voting Rights Act, but while participating in a 1966 march through Mississippi, King encountered strong criticism from Black Power proponent Stokely Carmichael. Shortly afterward white counter-protesters in the Chicago area physically assaulted King in the Chicago area during an unsuccessful effort to transfer non-violent protest techniques to the urban North. Despite these leadership conflicts, King remained committed to the use of non-violent techniques. Early in 1968, he initiated a Poor Peoples campaign designed to confront economic problems that had not been addressed by early civil rights reforms. Kings effectiveness in achieving his objectives was limited not merely by divisions among blacks, however, but also by the increasing resistance he encountered from national political leaders. Also although King was seen as a leader among a majority of the black community it has been argued that he did not make the radical actions by himself. This point ties in with an argument put forward by Vivien Saunders; who states, â€Å"As in Montgomery, King was led rather than leading†. The idea that King was not a definitive leader and could often take advice from outsiders poses the question of how effective King was as a leader. In addition to this it suggests that his effort towards the campaigns were in fact weak. After his death, King has remained a controversial symbol of the African-American civil rights struggle, revered by many for his martyrdom on behalf of non-violence and condemned by others for his militancy and insurgent views.

Effect of Voltage on the Rate of Electroplating a Metal

Effect of Voltage on the Rate of Electroplating a Metal Akinlabi Boluwarinde Oluwatosin BACKGROUND Electroplating is the process of plating one metal onto another by hydrolysis, most commonly for decorative purposes or to prevent corrosion of a metal. There are also specific types of electroplating such as copper plating, silver plating, and chromium plating. Electroplating allows manufacturers to use inexpensive metals such as steel or zinc for the majority of the product and then apply different metals on the outside to account for appearance, protection, and other properties desired for the product. The surface can be a metal or even plastic.[1] RESEARCH QUESTION How does varying the voltage of the circuit affect the rate of electroplating a metal with copper? HYPOTHESIS The voltage of the cell also known as the E.M.F (electromotive force) is known to be the force that drives the current thhrough the circuit. It is expected that by increasing the Voltage the circuit will lead to an increase in the rate of electroplating the metal as more current will flow easily throughout the circuit. VARIABLES Independent Variable The voltage of the circuit Dependent Variable The mass of pure copper electroplated onto the metal Controlled Variable The amount of time allowed for reaction The concentration of the electrolyte solution The metal rod used CONTROL OF VARIABLES The amount of time allowed for reaction to occur will be measured with the use of a stopwatch. The voltage of the circuit will be increased by a fix aed amount of 1.5V to keep the experiment and easily measure a changein rate. The same metal rod will be used throughout the experiment for all trials and of the different voltage. The mass of the metal rod to be used is 7g APPARATUS Cells Low resistance wire Copper solid Electrolyte (copper sulphate solution) Electric Balance Stopwatch Metal rod Voltmeter Beaker METHOD I Setup the circuit as shown in the diagram below. I measured the initial mass of the metal and recorded it.Starting with one cell of 1.5V. I closed the circuit and allowed the reaction to occur for 10 minutes. I removed the electroplated metal and measured its mass and recorded it in the table. I Repeated the experiment increasing the number of cell each time and recorded the mass of the of the electroplated metal each time. SAFTEY PRECAUTIONS There is the risk of electrocution if care is not taken. To avoid this the use of well protected wires is necessary and great care must be taken when carrying out the experiment. DATA COLLECTION Raw Data Voltage /v Mass of metal rod after electrolysis /g  ± 0.1g Trail 1 Trail 2 Trail 3 1.5 7.8 7.9 7.9 3.0 8.9 8.7 8.8 4.5 10.0 9.9 9.9 6.0 11.1 11.2 10.9 Qualitative Observations: The pure copper solid used became faded after it was used in the electrolysis reaction. There was still some residue of copper left on the metal rod after rinsing it. The voltage recorded by the voltmeter was not constant but varried in range that was close to the desired value The mass of the metal rod used is 7g Processed Data Voltage /v Mean Average mass of metal rod after electrolysis /g  ± 0.1g Mass of copper added to rod /g  ± 0.1g 1.5 7.9 0.9 3.0 8.8 1.8 4.5 9.9 2.9 6.0 11.1 4.1 The data has been processed. The mean of the three trials for each voltage has been calculated and represented on the table above as Mean Average mass of metal. Also the mass of copper that was electroplated onto the metal rod was calculated using the equation: Graph 1 Graph 2 CONCLUSION As expected when there was an increase in the voltage flowing in the circuit the mass of copper that was electroplated onto the metal rod increased too. This is because as the voltage increases a larger number of electrons flow from the cell or battery into the anode which causes the formation of copper ions to occur faster and so more ions are attracted to the metal rod (cathode) in the given time. The relationship between mass of copper electroplated and voltage can be seen on both graph 1 and graph 2 above. In graph 1 there is an increase in mass as voltage increases but the graph obtained is a slight curve rather than a straight line which indicates random errors, this could likely be due to the voltage fluctuating in circuit. Graph 2 shows a line of best fit for the graph and it is a straight line graph as expected, the error bars are plotted as well. The line passes through all the error bar ranges but does not touch any of the points on the graph and it does not pass through the origin (0,0), this may be due to systematic errors such as errors in the electric balance when measuring the mass of the metal rod before and after electroplating. The linear correlation is 0.998, which suggest very strong correlation between the two variables. EVALUATION The graph of values obtained was not exactly the same as what was expeted. A straight line graph starting from the origin was the expected graph but the graph ontained after a lin of bestt fit was plotted started from the y-intercept -0.25. This was due to errors in the experiment. Random errors such as the fluctuation of the voltage flowing through the circuit as a result of the chemicl reactions going on in the cell led to some of these errors. The voltmeter showed values that ranged from below to above the value of the voltage required indicating that this variable was not kept constant. The deviations were very little and not too far from the required voltage but were still enough to cause errors. It is also possible that because the same solution was used for all trials not all the copper ions had been electroplated onto the metal rod, this could have altered the concentration of the electrolyte (copper sulphate) leading to more errors as the concentration of the electrolyte als o has an effect on the rate of electroplating. Systematic errors were also present throughout the experiment, errors in measuring the mass of the of the metal rod before and after electroplating and also in measuring the mass of the anhydrous copper sulfate solution. This may have been due to poor caliberation before the experiment was carried out. The copper used may also have not been pure as it is possible that there were impurities in the copper solid used. Finally not all of the copper was rinsed off the metal rod before it was used for the next trial which could have altered the total mass when the mass of the metal after electro plating was measured. Errors in measuring the volume of water to be added to the beaker could also have been present. Systematic errors in the stopwatch used such as the delay in starting when the timer was started. The experiment also depended on human reaction time which is known to less accurate than machines, this will have led to more errors. It is impossible to keep the voltage of the cells constant but the range of values can be reduced by using new cells. The eleectric balance cshould be well caliberated before carring out the experiment and a balance with a higher degree of accuracy and sensitivity (measures to more decimal places) could be used. Before each trial a new electrolyte solution could be used to avoid any changes in concentration during the experiment. The experiment could have been automated using a switch that opened after ten minutes from when it was closed to eliminate the error as a result of dependence on human response time. The experiment could also have been repeated more times to reduce errors and increase accuracy. Also a lager rane of voltages could have been tested to gain more data for better more accurate analysis. [1]  http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Analytical_Chemistry/Electrochemistry/Electrolytic_Cells/Electroplating